‘Imagination takes over’ was the slogan that became the leitmotif of counterculture after the Paris revolt of 1968 – and this attitude often included technology. When cyber-shamanism emerged in Japan in the 1980s, 3D sound recording technologies and brain machines were developed there to simulate the effects of hallucinogenic drugs. Henry Kawahara was at the centre of this movement. He transformed musical traditions and notions of cultural identity into a cybernetic spirituality of the digital age – as in his 1993 sketch-like piece Yorokobi-No-Koe.
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